Biomedical Research

DOI: 10.35841/biomedicalresearch.30-19-157

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this article was to comprehensively examine the current and project burden of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage in southwest region of China. Methods: Summary and analysis of the data of the patients from the Sichuan Province Forestry Centre Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, the West China Hospital of Sichuan University, the Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2010-2017. Results: The medical cost of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage was estimated at RMB 12196.00 (USD 1896.73) per person per year. The total costs of intracerebral hemorrhage were higher in surgery group (RMB 36632.50 or USD 5697.12) than non-surgery group (RMB 6333.00 or USD 984.91). The direct medical costs of surgery group were RMB 32534.00 (USD 5059.72), in contrast with the costs of non-surgery treatments, which were RMB 3781.75 (USD 588.14). Conclusion: In this paper, all 1640 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage research data and follow-up data, we learned that the economic burden of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage is heavy for the Chinese people and the nation.

Keywords

Hypertension, Cerebral hemorrhage, Economic burden, Outcome assessment.

Introduction

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), for 9% to 27% of all strokes worldwide [1], is often acute, and in recent year surgery and drug treatments in intracerebral hemorrhage are taken so that such diseases are treatable. In the meanwhile, these treatments also increase the financial burden of intracerebral hemorrhage which has increased between 1990 and 2010 by 47% [2,3]. The incidence, mortality, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost, and mortality-to-incidence ratio are different between high-income countries and middle- and low-income countries [2]. Except for traumatic ICHaneurysm/subarachnoid or intracranial vascular malformations hemorrhage, hypertension and amyloid angiopathy are the most common ICH etiology, however, coagulopathy, vascular anomalies, tumors, and drugs also play a significant role especially in China [4,5]. But there are many issues, such as the relationship between choices of surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage and health care coststhe impact of the economic burden in postoperative complications for patients and their families. At present such relatively economic researches on hypertension related intracerebral hemorrhage are few and circumscribed [3,5-8]. We hope that the evaluation and research of economic burden of intracerebral hemorrhage and allocation of health care resources achieve a reasonable close in China or Asian. And we believe that the economic burden of intracerebral hemorrhage exploration, either directly or indirectly, for our treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage treatment, after treatment, medical integration, care, disease prevention and others show medical measures evidence and make us better improve health, strengthen the construction of primary health care and widespread popularity of the prevention and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Method

Patients with a primary ICD-10 diagnosis of ICH, excluding traumatic ICH tumor apoplexy, aneurysm/subarachnoid or intracranial vascular malformations hemorrhage [9], treated at the Sichuan Province Forestry Center Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, the West China Hospital of Sichuan University and the Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2010-2017 were subjects of the study.

The questionnaire contained two main parts [10-12]. The first part included patient characteristics, such as sociodemographic details, information on concurrent conditions, and the main clinical features of the disease (headache, vomiting, paralysis, unconsciousness, etc.). After admission to the Glasgow Coma Scale (Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS) to assess patients generally Awareness and record age, sex, blood pressure, hospitalization and number of days of basic information; while CT data recorded on the basis of bleeding location, amount of bleeding, midline shift the incidence side, whether breaking into the ventricle, whether hydrocephalus and other information. The second portion comprises the use of resources and cost, consisting of two parts: I: direct assessment hospital, consultation, surgery, blood pressure control, the cost of inspection. II: utilization including nutritional support and hospitalization costs of environmental assessment resource and some special equipment.

Direct costs of illness were grouped as those related to diagnosis (CT imaging, and so on) and treatment (for example, cost of medicines or surgeries) or recurring (for example, cost of medicines, medical consultations and hospitalization). Unit costs were derived from the Sichuan province public health administrations tariff (annual listing of all licensed drugs in China and their prices), and the local fees for home care and home health service provided by the local authority. Most of the patients come with two attendants to the hospital. The initial valuation of cost items was in Chinese currency, renminbi (RMB). For reference, the exchange rate was USD 1=RMB 6.43 in average.

We used SPSS 13.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and Microsoft Access and Excel (Microsoft, 2003; Redmond, WA, U.S.A.) for data management and analysis. However, the median cost could be zero for highly skewed data. Therefore, mean values and ranges are given instead. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used and two-tailed P values were presented, and values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Characteristics of patients

There were 1640 patients in total. The male patients with 1085 cases, accounting for 66.16%, female 555 cases, accounting for 33.84%. Male to female ratio is 1.95:1.2. Their mean age 61.00 ± 0.40 years (range 20 to 95 years). All patients were permanent residents of Sichuan and Yunnan province, and 1090 cases were from urban, the others inhabited in rural. The demographic details were shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of patients for intracerebral hemorrhage from 2010 to 2017.

Clinic features of patients about surgery or nonsurgery treatment

There were 1430 cases of supratentorial, infratentorial in 210 cases. Major bleeding in the basal ganglia area were 965 cases, accounting for 58.5%. Others were the thalamus (12.80%), brain lobes (10.37%), brain stem (8.85%), ventricles (5.18%), cerebellum (3.96%). Hematoma volume averaged 45.00 ± 20.60 ml (range 5 to 80 ml). GCS on admission with an average score of 11.00 ± 1.00 points (range 3 to 15). There were 590 patients who had surgical indications. Only 450 cases chose surgery treatment and the others chose non-surgery treatment. 805 patients knew hypertension history by theirselves while all patients were tested out higher blood pressure in hospital. The demographic details were shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Clinic features of patients for intracerebral hemorrhage from 2010 to 2017.

Prognosis of patients for intracerebral hemorrhage

The average length of hospitalization was 6.30 ± 1.30 days. The longest hospitalization period is 49 days, and the shortest hospitalization period is 1 day. Among them, there were 190 deaths, accounting for 11.58%. There were 235 cases of automatic discharge, accounting for 14.33%. The average of GOS score was 3.11 ± 1.42 points in one month, and the average of MRS score was 3.10 ± 2.00 points. The most common complication is lung infection with 565 cases accounting for 11.58%. The demographic details were shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Outcomes of patients for intracerebral hemorrhage from 2010 to 2017.

Cost of intracerebral haemorrhage

The total costs of intracerebral hemorrhage were higher in surgery group (RMB 36632.50 or USD 5697.12) than nonsurgery group (RMB 6333.00 or USD 984.91). The direct medical costs of surgery group were RMB 32534.00 (USD 5059.72), in contrast with the costs of non-surgery treatments, which were RMB 3781.75 (USD 588.14). It can be seen in Table 4 that the pattern of resource use in the categories is not uniform. In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, the main cost was for surgery cost in surgery group which including surgery fees, anesthesia fee, material fee and so on. Meanwhile in the non-surgery group the highest cost was for drugs.

Table 4. Median intracerebral hemorrhage-related cost (RMB) per patient.

A few of the patients (24.09%) had some kind of medical insurance, which could cover a part of medical costs. However, only 13.11% patients utilized the medical insurance to pay for the cost when leaving the hospital directly, whereas 75.91% patients paid the whole costs by themselves, including 10.98% of them could cover a part of the costs after leaving hospital by local government or insurance company.

Analysis of feature between surgery group and nonsurgery group

Based on these data (Table 5), the distribution of female in the surgical group was more than that in non-surgery group but it was not statistically significant (P=1.42 >0.05). Patients in the surgical group were significantly younger than those in the conservative treatment group which had statistical significance (P=0.015<0.05). The GCS score of the conservative treatment group (mean 11.2 points) was higher than the GCS score of the surgery group (mean 9.9 points), which was statistically significant (P=0.04 <0.05). The situation of patients in the conservative treatment group was better than that in the surgical treatment group before receiving the treatment. The prognosis of non-surgery group was a little better than surgery group, but it was not statistically significant (GOS, MRS, P=0.061, 0.072 >0.05). The total costs, direct medical expenses, and indirect medical expenses of the surgical treatment group were significantly higher than those of the non-surgical treatment group, which were statistically significant (P=0.000 <0.05).

Table 5. Contradistinction of characteristics and costs between surgery group and non-surgery group.

Discussion

The assessment of the costs of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage was increasingly required by government agencies to achieve the best resource allocation and to evaluate the costbenefit ratio and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic treatment. It currently lacked the cost of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage research in Chinese, even in the global. Therefore, whether the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage or not in the individual, family, medical services, social class, and other aspects of the economic burden were caused by the need for further study. In addition, the cost differs depending on the condition, the treatment method, and the effect of the drug. Understanding the total cost of the disease had important implications for understanding the cost of patients with different medical conditions.

From the general data of patients in this study, patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage had slightly more men than women. The age of onset was still mainly in the elderly. The bleeding site was mainly found in the basal ganglia, which was consistent with previous literature reports [1,13,14]. Patients in the surgical treatment group had relatively poor physical health conditions at the time of admission compared with those in the conservative treatment group, which was statistically significant. This was also one of the factors that influenced the prognosis of patients. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the outcome of the treatment of patients with or without surgical treatment. However, these factors had an impact on the patient's medical costs.

The medical cost of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage was estimated at RMB 12196.00 (USD 1896.73) per person per year. Some researches which had been done in China had pointed out that hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage accounted for 14-24% of stroke, and the annual incidence of stroke in China was 130/100 000 [15-17]. Therefore, there were at least 500,000 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in China every year. According to this data, the annual costs of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage in China was RMB 6.1 billion (USD 0.95 billion). In 2007, China’s GNP was RMB 25,188.1 billion (USD 3917.23 billion), with a per capita of RMB 17,227 (USD 2679.16). In 2010, Sichuan's per capita annual income was RMB 15,461 (USD 2404.51). Thus, the per capita cost of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for 70.8% of the national per capita GNP and accounted for 78.9% of Sichuan's per capita annual income. Annual costs accounted for 0.024% of GNP. The cost of stroke for the year 2002 was estimated to be as high as $49.4 billion in the United States, while costs after hospital discharge were estimated to amount to 2.9 billion Euros in France [18-21,22]. Clearly, even a fraction of such amounts can cause enormous economic damage to low-income countries [19,23]. Therefore, hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage was a high-cost disease. However, for China and the entire country, more and more research was still needed to know the results.

At present, the main ways to treat hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were two ways about surgical treatment and conservative treatment. From this study, the cost of surgical treatment (RMB 36632.50 or USD 5697.12) is higher than the costs of conservative treatment (RMB 6333.00 or USD 984.91). The patient's condition on admission of the surgery group was severe. Surgically treated patients were prone to complications after surgery containing lung infection (34.45%), electrolyte disorder (22.87%) and so on, which increased patient’s length of stay and the using of drugs. The above-mentioned absolutely increased the economic burden of the medicine. A study in Togo estimated direct cost per person of 936 Euros in only 17 days, about 170 times more than the average annual heath spend of a Togolese [23,24]. Subsidising and improving post-stroke care may help to reduce stroke case fatality rates and morbidity in Africa [21,24].

The actual cost of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage might be underestimated. Several reasons: First, the data of later rehabilitation and outpatient follow-up of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were not easy to collect. Because the patients returned to the local hospital, they would visit the local hospital, or no longer follow-up. Second, the help of family members such as spouses and children could not be counted because these were difficult to measure with monetary value. However, in China, because of economic and cultural factors, only a few families would employ nursing staff, which meaning that the patient needed help. Family members undertook most of the nursing tasks. This might be the reason why in the developed countries, social services accounted for more than 10%, while in China only 2.4% [25,26]. Third, the expenses for travel on the roads of some emergency or transfer patients and car travel expenses for follow-up visits were not included [27-39].

In addition, our study found a contradiction between the coverage of insurance for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients and the rate of insurance use. First of all the patient's family members did not understand the insurance. Then the reimbursement procedure was complicated and some patients were unclear. At last this showed that hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage was not only an economic burden but also a social and family burden for patients [40].

Conclusion

In this paper, all 1640 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage research data and follow-up data, we learned that the economic burden of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage is heavy for the Chinese people and the nation. The total cost and severity of the disease as well as surgery and drug therapy were significantly different responses to contact. In addition, the cost of new drugs and drug has a close relationship. Calculated through statistical conclusions: Hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage prognosis of patients with surgical group and non-surgical group is not statistically significant; and the patient's condition in the surgical group is much more serious than that of patients to non-surgical group with statistical significance. The cost of surgical group of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage in the total costs, direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs are higher than non-surgical group, and which are statistically significant. The cost of surgical group of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage in direct medical costs, operation costs, inspection costs, care costs are higher than non-surgical group, and which are statistically significant. Factors which affect postoperative are complications, age and previous history of such illness. The direct non-medical costs of surgical group of patients are higher than non-operated group, and which is statistically significant. The indirect costs of surgical group of patients are higher than that of nonsurgical group, in addition to loss of productivity was not statistically significant, others have statistical significance. For the men (<60 years old), women (<55 years) with symptomatic patients, there is evidence for surgeon and early surgical operation, its return to society, into greatly increased probability of social reproduction. Restore the productivity of its value is higher than the value of lost productivity.

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