Biomedical Research

Abstract

A lot of enterprise applications are available for the end users to use in different domains including business, healthcare, industrial and manufacturing. In the advent of cloud computing, it is imperative for organizations to determine risks involved in adopting cloud-based solutions or applications to ensure enterprise interest. The problem is the risk assessment of enterprise applications from the context of business. It is essential to adapt the right risk assessment strategy to handle the security situation proactively. We analyze the different risk assessment frameworks which would help to evaluate frameworks against enterprise application such as business, medical, finance accounting applications. We have evaluated both CWRAF and CVSS as two predominant frameworks in the risk assessment process against three business applications. The results help identifies the appropriate approach and framework which should be used for risk assessment.

Keywords

Risk assessment, Security issues, Cloud security, Business context.

Introduction

Risks always need to be looked at from a negative perspective risk assessment and identification is a sweet spot to identify the opportunity to enhance security and mitigate the security loopholes in the system. According to ISO 31000 risks are defined as the “effect of uncertainty on the objectives [1]. As Cloud adoption is increasing day by day as it holds the benefit of scalability, performance, and agility, this also means that there is critical need for cloud users to make sure that they are doing the right thing when they adopt it. It is imperative for the business users to ensure to weigh-up the risk landscape in such adoption or minimize the risks in taking up such initiatives [2].

As per large cloud adoption survey for Q4 2014 conducted by NorthBridge based GigaOMResearch with 1358 respondents, 49% have already adopted the cloud for revenue generation and product development activities and 45% want to adopt cloud in the organization. This shows the level of significance of increasing demand for cloud adoption among the business community. The adoption of SaaS applications has increased from 13% in 2011 to 72% in 2014 [3]. The readiness of an enterprise to adopt cloud depends on the a) business benefit the enterprise is going to gain b) technical feasibility of moving the legacy or existing an app to the cloud and finally c) risks involved in moving towards the cloud based apps.

Though cloud adoption helps to ramp up the service levels and performance rapidly, it might oversee the risks. As platforms such as Azure and Amazon have made pay-as-you-go based cloud administration in a more simplified way, illadministration of these portals without understanding the impact might be an exposure to financial risks if it is not well handled. When organizations are multinational and spread out in different geographies, the availability of services via different data center in a distributed environment has to be brought into context.

Cloud Apps Security does not end with the developers taking care of all the threats during the development stage various factors such as deployment platform, access privileges, vulnerabilities in the physical environment of deployment, etc., so it is very important to address the security risk from the perspective of the business user based on his security needs. The business user needs to be cognizant of the impact of a probable security breach so that such risks can be mitigated.

In a well-connected world, the risk and exposure are multiplying as new technology tools, frameworks and concepts are being introduced every day. This paper attempts to identify the Risk frameworks for evaluating Cloud SaaS Apps in the context of the business user and help them in choosing the right risk frameworks.

Related Works

In the research paper by Johnson and Qu, they provided "A Holistic Model for Making Cloud Migration Decision" which deals with the factors on Security, Architecture and Business Economics delve into the business decision of adopting to the cloud. These models recommended some standard criteria which can be utilized for assessing the cloud service providers and quantify them. This could be a very viable model to evaluate among multiple Cloud service providers to before taking a final decision. In this risk is considered as one of the factors for the evaluation of SaaS vendors [4].

In the research done on Collaboration-Based Cloud Computing Security Management Framework by Almorsy et al. [5] they have tried to align the existing NIST-FISMA (National Institute of Standards and Technology-Federal Information Security Management Act) [6] to suit the cloud standards or platforms that primarily address the concern of the cloud providers rather than the consumers.

QUIRC, A Quantitative Impact and Risk Assessment Framework for Cloud Security revolve around 6 objectives such as Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Multi-Trust breach, Auditability, and Usability. This paper provides a quantitative assessment methodology of Risk based on threat modeling using Wideband Delphi methodology. Though this paper can quantify the risk for vendors and customers it also highlights that risk assessment expertise could be based on industry vertical and knowledge base [7].

Microsoft Australia has released a white paper which discusses the risk assessment framework based on ISO 31000:2009 [1]. It outlines various risk factors which need to be evaluated. This paper also categorizes the risk in terms of Compliance related risks, Strategic Risks, Operational Risks and Market & Financial risk categories during the risk identification process [2].

In the research paper titled cloud computing: A new business paradigm for biomedical information sharing a lot of different options of cloud application architecture which includes risk reduction, flexibility, and scalability. It also ascertains that right to set security and enforce its own information security policies of the application based on risks it does foresee [8].

Chou and Oetting [9] presented a research paper which would outline the risk assessment approach on cloud-based IT Systems which also attempted to showcase a risk assessment based upon the ISO/IEC 27002 and OWASP Top 10 Risks.

Security issues in the cloud environment which are posing to be a threat might have an impact on the service delivery models of the cloud offerings. These issues are evaluated in "A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing'. It also outlines the need for "Security as a Service" to encounter the security challenges [10].

In the paper "Addressing cloud Security Issues" Dimitros Zissis and Dimitros Lekkas identified User specific security requirements and identified different cloud deployment mechanisms to alleviate threats and vulnerabilities the cloud environment poses. These generic principles proposed would address aspects such as Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authenticity [11].

Need for risk assessment frameworks

Though different risk analysis methodology exists there is no specific framework exists which can be comprehensively applied or adopted. The research by Drissi et al. [12] concludes that there is lack of structured method which can be used for risk assessment for the cloud consumers to put forth their resources in order maximize cloud adoption and take advantage of the current trends in cutting edge technologies via cloud.

In the research by Saxena [13], on the utilization of Cloud Control Matrix by Cloud Security Alliance is extensively discussed in the context of risk assessment of a cloud provider. It concludes with the need for a robust framework which can take care of elementary issues in the cloud environment pertaining to security.

Risk assessment scope

There is a set of known fears for cloud computing which is essential for the business is outlined in Business News Daily [14].

• Data is handled by someone else not part of your organization

• Cyber attacks

• Insider Threats

• Government Intrusion

• Legal Liability

• Lack of Standardization

• Lack of support

• Other Risks

Existing risk assessment

The various cloud categories such as IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are to be focused on risk assessment while doing a risk assessment for cloud adoption. The factors which would affect cloud adoption are Technology, Organizational, and Environmental.

Existing cloud platforms

Most of the virtualized infrastructures are deployed on cloud platforms as IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). They are classified into two broad categories as given below:

IaaS Platforms (Proprietary):

• Microsoft Azure

• Amazon

IaaS Platforms (Open Source):

• OpenStack

• Apache CloudStack

Virtual resources or client tools can even be deployed for handling the virtual machines to test their behavior.

Literature Review

Critical factors are to be evaluated in a typical cloud setup and analyzed the existing cloud computing risk assessment methodologies available and find the methodology which would be made easy for the end consumer to analyze and implement the framework. This paper will attempt to identify the existing risk assessment frameworks available for cloud computing and will evaluate its pros and cons by implementing some of the risk factors to cloud-based applications by simulating or deploying it in the cloud (Table 1).

Table 1: Five important characteristics of Cloud environment are given in the work by Alliance [15].

CWRAF

Common Weakness Risk Analysis Framework helps the organization interested in finding the weakness exists the solution they have chosen based on the CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration). A key aspect of this framework is to focus on weakness existing in the target system. CWE is used by popular security bulletins such as OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project). CWRAF uses CWSS (Common Weakness Scoring System) which is a mechanism used for scoring the severity of CWE identified in Enterprise applications. It helps the quantification of the weakness, acts as a common framework across development and business community [16].

CWRAF goes by the principle that though the software is same the application and its use would vary from user to user there by their security needs and risk assessment also will vary accordingly. CVE Initiative has correlated and documented over 47,000+ publicly known vulnerabilities in the commercial and open source software used around the globe, there have been some vulnerabilities that were very harmful to pretty much all of us, as well as many that were harmful only to specific types of businesses and business practices (Figure 1) [17].

Figure 1: Source CWRAF - Scoring weakness.

To find the Base Finding Subscore, Attack Surface Subscore and Environmental Subscore. These are calculated as followed:

Base = [ (10 * TechnicalImpact + 5*(AcquiredPrivilege + AcquiredPrivilegeLayer) + 5*FindingConfidence) * f (TechnicalImpact) * InternalControlEffectiveness ] * 4.0

f (TechnicalImpact) = 0 if TechnicalImpact = 0; otherwise f (TechnicalImpact) = 1.

AttackSurfaceSubscore = [ 20*(RequiredPrivilege + RequiredPrivilegeLayer + AccessVector) + 20*DeploymentScope + 15*LevelOfInteraction + 5*AuthenticationStrength ] / 100.0

EnvironmentalSubscore = [ (10*BusinessImpact + 3*LikelihoodOfDiscovery + 4*LikelihoodOfExploit) + 3*Prevalence) * f(BusinessImpact) * ExternalControlEffectiveness ] / 20.0

Basically the CWE scoring is done based on the following metrics [16]:

• Base Finding sub score: This capture the inherent risk of the weakness, confidence in the accuracy of the finding, and strength of controls.

• Attack Surface metric group: the barriers that an attacker must overcome in order to exploit the weakness.

• Environmental metric group: characteristics of the weakness that are specific to a particular environment or operational context.

CVSS

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is an open framework for communicating the characteristics and severity of software vulnerabilities [18]. FIRST is a US based nonprofit organization. CVSS has a risk framework version 3.0 which handles the scoring of vulnerabilities based on the Base, Temporal, and Environmental Group.

The following are the aspects upon which the CVSS risk assessment will work:

• Base score represent the most fundamental, immutable qualities of a vulnerability.

• Temporal Metrics which represent the time dependent qualities of a vulnerability.

• Environmental Metrics which represent the implementation and environment specific qualities of a vulnerability.

Base Score= round_to_1_decimal (((0.6*Impact) + (0.4*Exploitability)–1.5)*f(Impact)) Temporal Score = round_to_1_decimal (BaseScore*Exploitability*RemediationLevel*ReportConfiden ce)

EnvironmentalScore=round_to_1_decimal ((AdjustedTemporal +(10- AdjustedTemporal)*CollateralDamagePotential)*TargetDistrib ution)

Cloud risk decision framework (CRDA)

Cloud Risk Assessment Framework is based on the ISO 31000 standard. The governing principles of CRDA are based on ISO 31000 standard. The CRDA focuses on the Process component of the standard for the Cloud risk decision framework as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Cloud risk decision framework (CRDA).

The analysis is done based on the Risk Control Areas, Risk Likelihood, and risk impact. During the risk identification process, the risks are classified into the following risk groups such as Compliance Risks, Strategic Risks, Operational Risks, Market, and Finance Risks. Risks are measured in the range of 0-25 with the ratings such as Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Very low. Based on the risk formula of Likelihood x Impact function with a possible 1-25 rating.

COBIT 5

COBIT 5 consolidates COBIT 4.1 Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT®) is a Control framework for IT Governance [19], Val IT and Risk IT. COBIT is divided into 4 domains containing 34 high-level control objectives [20]. COBIT 5 version is said to have been built to align with ITIL Frameworks (Figure 3).

Figure 3: COBIT function divided into 4 domains containing 34 highlevel control objectives.

Research methodology

Our approach is based on the identification of the existing frameworks and identifying the gaps for implementation and recommends steps for bridging those gaps. The following are the steps involved in the process:

1. Identify the existing framework which would suit the cloud environment or cloud-based solutions in identifying security risks.

2. Identify tools which will help identify the security vulnerabilities or weakness existing in the 3 enterprise application under selection

3. Map the weakness and vulnerabilities against the Framework

4. Apply the risk calculation methodology using the framework

5. Compare and outline the results based on the how the risk assessment ratings are evaluated. Figure 4 outlines the high-level steps involved in the research.

Figure 4: Flow chart of research methodology.

Also, the 10 security principles defined by Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) for risk assessment frameworks offers a guideline for choosing the right risk assessment framework for the cloud app [21]. There is also a reference to the risk assessment frameworks based on the standards such as ISO/IEC 9126, COBIT 5.

Besides it is essential that the framework which is to be used must be aligned with the existing industry security aspects. It is very important for the framework to have continuous updates and stay ahead with the changing technology landscape. The standards-based framework does not directly address the threats and vulnerabilities that exist in the cloud-based applications though they provide a governance structure based on the industry standards.

In this context chosen two frameworks are chosen which are CWRAF and CVSS because these two are having standardized and codified weakness/threats which are being updated unlike standards like COBIT or ISO which depend on generic methods to identify weakness/vulnerabilities. Moreover, the frameworks such as COBIT and Cloud Risk Decision framework cannot be used independently.

Use cases

The SaaS application is considered as our scope for risk assessment because SaaS applications can cut across the Cloud platform dealing with Applications, Data, Runtime, Middleware, Operating System, Virtualization, Servers, Storage and Networking [22].

For evaluating the selected framework Content Management System (CMS), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Financial Management Tool are being used. The reason for choosing these is that most of the business users require these kinds of apps to effectively run their business operations. These applications are cloud-based apps which can be also self-hosted for Local behind the firewall as well. SaaS kind of applications under the scope for these use cases (Table 2).

Table 2: Apps under consideration.

Wordpress: Wordpress is a leading open source content management system used to develop websites for business purpose or managing blogs for corporate. This content Management System is based on PHP. This is one of the Open Source Content Management Systems next to Joomla, Drupal.

Zurmo CRM: Zurmo CRM is a Customer Relationship Management tool which has the capability to manage sales force with Badges and Points. This tool helps to track the Opportunities, Leads, and Contacts and help manage the sales pipeline effectively.

WebZash: WebZash is an open source PHP-based double entry accounting system. It has capabilities like Chart of Accounts, Managing the accounts, making the financial transaction, Receipts, and Payments. It has additional features like Reports, Authentication, Roles, Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet.

Open LIMS: OpenLIMS helps to conduct experiments in a Lab in a structured manner. The end user can select the appropriate template based on the complexity of the experiment and track it over the web. There can tasks which can be created and managed by the lab staff. The samples can also be collected and updated with the help of this application.

Tools used

1. OpenVAS

2. Vega

3. RIPS – Static Code Analysis tool

Implementation

As the layering of the cloud application goes through the IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, it essential to look at ways to find the risks by doing an appropriate vulnerability analysis using the right tools. Then based on the results of these tools the quantification of risks has to be done for the appropriate prioritization of the risks and effort required to mitigate them.

Figure 5 provides the approach opted for determining the risk score for the vulnerabilities identified with CWRAF and CVSS as per its appropriate guidelines. First, the application was deployed locally for static code analysis. The static code analysis was done using an open source tool called RIPS. RIPS is used in this case because all the 3 applications are using PHP as codebase (Figure 6).

Figure 5: The approach opted for determining the risk score for the vulnerabilities identified with CWRAF and CVSS.

Figure 6: Analysis of the Zurmo CRM codebase using RIPS.

The 3 apps were deployed on cloud based on a specific endpoint. Then, the endpoint is given as the input to the application OpenVAS and Vega for vulnerability or analysis. Vega is used for analysis, with the application end point as the input and configuring the same for analysis. Vega is an open source and free tool from the organization called Subgraph. It is a java based tool which can be helpful in finding XSS (crosssite scripting), SQL injection, and other vulnerabilities (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Vega used for analysis post deployment.

CWRAF basically approaches the assessment with 8 Technical impacts. By the way of attempting to find the risks involved, the applications under scope are prioritized them with the help of CWRAF. The scoring of the weakness identified with in the cloud applications would be determined by CWSS in conjunction with the approach defined in CWRAF. The key advantage in using the CWRAF is obtaining the list of risks with respect to the business context using the vignette. Once the CWRAF calculations are done, the Top N List specific to the business application is essential to take the necessary action.

On the other hand, CVSS calculates the Base Score, Temporal Score, and Environmental Score to give the overall understanding of the risk involved with respect to a specific vulnerability. Though the base score indicates the critical vulnerabilities the environmental score indicates the context based significance of the issue. The base score highly depends on the Impact and Exploitability factors. The formula given below is for calculating the base score:

Base Score = round_to_1_decimal(((0.6*Impact) +(0.4*Exploitability)–1.5)*f(Impact))

Findings and Discussion

Code analysis or vulnerability analysis is done with the help of tools like Vega and RIPS. Out of the scanning of the source code of the apps, issues are identified. Some examples of such issues found commonly found across apps are tabulated below for reference.

From Table 3 it is understood that the CWE-ID related issues could further cause serious business risks if unattended. To understand the impact of these CWE, the risk scores were calculated of these applications based on Vignette for CWRAF and Environmental factors for CVSS. For instance, the CVSS based scores calculated on the Base score which primarily depends on the impact and exploitability. As per the CVSS calculation CWE-73, CWE-538, and CWE-359 seem to have a higher base score which needs attention (Figure 8).

Table 3: CWE – Identified based on the Issues exhibited during the static code analysis across 3 apps.

Figure 8: CWRAF Vs. CVSS rank comparison.

With respect to the CWRAF calculation CWE-79, CWE-83 and CWE-522 seem to have the higher priority to be fixed. This is purely based on the assessment of the security analyst calculation on the context driven for the business need and CWRAF calculation.

Observations

According to Bozorgi et al. [23] in his paper, it’s indicated that for considering the exploitability aspects more data sources are to be used. Considering the fact that CWE database may not be sufficient to understand and get protected due to the inherent nature of the hacker community and rapidly growing vulnerabilities, exploits information need to be used from sources such as Exploit-DB.

Three Commercial companies and 7 research institutes in Germany, Greece, and Norway initiated a project named CORAS for the purpose of developing a precise, unambiguous and efficient risk analysis of security critical system [24]. It is not an integrated solution to the cloud-based environment which is currently developing at a rapid pace.

The following are some of the problems which are essential for improvement of risk assessment of cloud security and to effectively manage its risk lifecycle:

1. Risk assessment has to be a continuous process which must be followed through a reference architecture aligned with existing cloud and IT ecosystem.

2. Risk occurs all around the cloud due to a connected network so well connected information exchange must be enabled through existing protocols or new means.

3. In the context of public cloud, the threat and vulnerability may be occurring which may be pre-cursor to the enterprise apps.

4. The risk assessment frameworks have to be continuously integrated seamlessly with the CWE, CVE, ExploitDB and other such databases to establish holistic capability.

5. The framework should support or have facilities to handle the Internet of things which are either part of private/public cloud within the context.

6. The interface should be expanded upon the risk management which must be used by the end users, development teams, dev ops team, and support teams to enhance the mitigation of security risks.

7. The continuous evolution of risk management across the enterprise through an integrated platform along with industry best practices is essential.

8. Dev and DevOps team involved in development and deployment must ensure the security vulnerabilities are reported back to the community which should help the community to be aware of such loopholes and its context behind it so that such threats can be managed proactively.

9. Visually represented dashboard is essential for the respective stakeholders which must be available through ubiquitous interface

10. Risk lifecycle workflow has to be automated and tracked with complete visibility across the lifecycle for safe and risk-free information systems.

Conclusion and Future Work

The existing frameworks such as CWRAF and CVSS are not comprehensive as a whole to handle the integrated SDLC life cycle. The need for integrated risk management approach is most need across the ecosystem for effective risk management in the cloud based platforms.

A possible approach for automating vulnerability check on continuous integration or new deployment can be evaluated for future. The implementation of Risk assessment framework must get integrated with Workflow and data visualization tool for effectiveness. There is the scope of enhancing the architecture to implement the integration aspects such as file types, distributed computing environment scenarios.

References

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