ISSN: 0970-938X (Print) | 0976-1683 (Electronic)
Biomedical Research
An International Journal of Medical Sciences
Research Article - Biomedical Research (2018) Volume 29, Issue 9
Effectiveness of physical activity on depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis
1Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2College of Nursing, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
3Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
4Department of General Practice, Al Nahil International Clinic, Kuwait, India
Accepted on March 07, 2018
DOI: 10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-18-177
Visit for more related articles at Biomedical ResearchIndividuals diagnosed with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) usually develop psychiatric complications as the dialysis procedure causes changes in the physical health and social life. Though the literature supports beneficial effects of exercise programmes in dialysis patients, the implementation of exercise as a part of clinical care is very less. Hence, the present study was undertaken to provide further evidence for the effectiveness of physical activity depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis. A total of 14 patients including males and females who were undergoing hemodialysis at selected hospital and who fulfil the selection criteria were included in the present study. The quality of life of the participants was collected by interview method using modified Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) scale and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21). In this study regular exercise program has reduced depression, anxiety and stress and improved quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Hence, it is suggested to perform more qualitative and quantitative studies in this area to support adoption of physical exercise in the routine care of hemodialysis patients.
Keywords
Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Quality of life, Hemodialysis.
Introduction
Individuals diagnosed with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) usually develop psychiatric complications as the dialysis procedure causes changes in the physical health and social life [1]. This may further decrease the quality of life. Studies have reported higher levels of depression in patients with chronic kidney diseases [2]. Further, CKD patients with depression are at high risk of frequent hospitalization and death when compared to those without complications [3]. It was reported that dialysis shift may have an impact on sleep disorders, quality of life, and mortality [4-6]. It was reported that all the domains of quality of life was deteriorated in CKD patients. Further, it was suggested that assessment of quality of life in CKD patients is an ideal indicator of the outcome of the intervention [7,8]. Regular practice of physical exercise improves physical and mental health and improves the quality of life [9]. Though the literature supports beneficial effects of exercise programmes in dialysis patients, the implementation of exercise as a part of clinical care is very less. Hence, the present study was undertaken to provide further evidence for the effectiveness of physical activity depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis.
Materials and Methods
Participants
A total of 14 patients including males and females who were undergoing hemodialysis at selected hospital and who fulfil the selection criteria were included in the present study. The participants were selected using simple random technique and Stratified random sampling technique was used to allot the participants into the experimental and control group. The participants who receive hemodialysis on morning hours were allotted to the experimental group (n=7) and participants who receive hemodialysis on afternoon hours were allotted for control group (n=7).
Inclusion criteria
Male and female patients with in the age group of 40-65 y, receiving regular hemodialysis for>2 times a week and can understand Tamil or English languages were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria
Patients diagnosed with hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV, those receiving emergency dialysis, with history of uncontrolled hypertension, heart failure, heart block, cardiac arrhythmias, third degree AV heart block, suspected aneurysm and recent significant change in resting ECG and any orthopaedic or musculoskeletal limitations were excluded from the study.
Study design
After recording the baseline values, the quality of life of the participants were collected by interview method using modified Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) scale and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21). Then experimental group was involved in 15 minutes of physical activity during hemodialysis for the period of 2 months. Control group received the routine care practiced in the hospital. The routine practice in the hospital is, after starting the hemodialysis the patients were allowed to take rest and no specific physical activity was practiced. At the end of 2nd month the Quality of life of the participants were collected by interview method using modified kidney disease quality of life (KDQOL) scale and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21). The 2nd month assessment was taken for post-test.
Study setting
The present experimental study was conducted in dialysis unit at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry.
Methods
Intervention: The study participants were connected to the hemodialysis machine. After 30 min of hemodialysis the participants were instructed to do the physical activity of the extremities for 15 min duration. The participants are instructed not to do any activity in the extremity that is connected to the hemodialysis machine. During hemodialysis the physical activity done by the participants were supervised by the staff nurse or the physiotherapist. Vital signs of the participants were monitored during exercise. This physical activity is done by the participants during hemodialysis for the period of 2 months. The physical activity includes elbow flexion/ extension, forearm supination/pronation, wrist circumduction, fingers flexion/extension, ankle rotation, toes flexion, extension and hyper extension.
Statistical analysis
The paired ‘t’ test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test level of biochemical values in experimental group.
Ethical consideration
The present study was approved by Institutional Human Ethical Committee of Saveetha University, Chennai (020/08/2016/IEC/SU Dated 11th August 2016) and Institutional Review Board, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry.
Results
Table 1 shows the pre-test kidney disease quality of life in experimental and control group. Both the groups are comparable as there is no significant difference in the p values. Table 2 shows the comparison of pre-test and post-test kidney disease quality of life scores in experimental group. There is a significant difference (p=0.008) between the pre-test and posttest symptoms of patients in the experimental group. But there is no significant difference in the general health, physical activity, social activity, pain, effect of kidney disease, sexual function, sleep, social support and patient satisfaction. The paired ‘t’ test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test quality of life scores. Table 3 shows the comparison of pre-test and post-test kidney disease quality of life scores in control group. There is no significant difference in the general health, physical activity, social activity, pain, symptoms, effect of kidney disease, sexual function, sleep, social support and patient satisfaction. The paired ‘t’ test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test quality of life scores. Table 4 shows the distribution of pre-test and post-test Depression, Anxiety and Stress score Levels in experimental and control group. In pretest depression 42.9% of the participants do not have depression and 42.9% had moderate depression in experimental group. In post-test 57.1% participants do not have depression. In pre-test anxiety 14.3% had moderate anxiety. But no one had moderate anxiety in post-test in experimental group. According to stress score 28.6% had moderate stress in pre-test, but in post-test no one had moderate stress. In control group 42.9% participants had mild and 42.9% had moderate depression. In anxiety 85.7% do not have anxiety and 14.2% had moderate anxiety. There is no change in the post test depression and anxiety score in control group. In stress score 71.4% do not have stress in pre-test but in post-test only 57.1% participants do not have stress. Table 5 shows the comparison of pre-test and post-test DASS levels in experimental group. There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of depression, anxiety and stress. Chi square test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test DASS levels. Table 6 shows the comparison of pre-test and post-test DASS levels in control group. There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of depression, anxiety and stress. Chi square test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test DASS levels. Table 7 shows the comparison of posttest kidney disease quality of life score in experimental and control group. There is no significant difference in the general health, physical activity, social activity, pain, symptoms, effect of kidney disease, sexual function, sleep, social support and patient satisfaction. The unpaired ‘t’ test is used to compare the pre-test and post-test kidney disease quality of life scores. Table 8 shows the comparison of post-test DASS levels in experimental and control group. There is no significant difference in the post test levels of depression, anxiety and stress between experimental and control group. The chi square test is used to compare the post-test DASS levels between experimental and control group.
| S no. | Quality of life scale | Experimental group (n=7) | Control group (n=7) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General health | 48.21 ± 13.36 | 46.43 ± 11.89 | 0.79 |
| 2 | Physical activity | 57.94 ± 24.81 | 57.94 ± 16.93 | 1 |
| 3 | Social activity | 82.14 ± 31.34 | 78.57 ± 17.25 | 0.79 |
| 4 | Pain | 57.50 ± 29.55 | 63.57 ± 14.57 | 0.63 |
| 5 | Symptoms | 83.30 ± 9.92 | 83.33 ± 7.60 | 1 |
| 6 | Effect of kidney disease | 78.57 ± 8.01 | 76.43 ± 8.52 | 0.63 |
| 7 | Sexual function | 81.25 ± 8.83 | 91.67 ± 7.22 | 0.13 |
| 8 | Sleep | 64.64 ± 17.76 | 71.43 ± 15.54 | 0.46 |
| 9 | Social support | 97.61 ± 6.31 | 95.22 ± 8.14 | 0.55 |
| 10 | Patient satisfaction | 89.29 ± 13.36 | 89.29 ± 13.36 | 1 |
Table 1. Distribution of pre-test kidney disease quality of life in experimental and control group (n=14).
| S no. | Quality of life scale | Pre test | Post test | ‘t’ value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General health | 48.21 ± 13.36 | 51.79 ± 11.36 | 1.549 | 0.172 |
| 2 | Physical activity | 57.94 ± 24.81 | 59.52 ± 21.921 | 1 | 0.356 |
| 3 | Social activity | 82.14 ± 31.34 | 82.14 ± 31.34 | - | - |
| 4 | Pain | 57.50 ± 29.55 | 62.14 ± 24.34 | 1.41 | 0.208 |
| 5 | Symptoms | 83.30 ± 9.92 | 86.31 ± 10.13 | 3.873 | 0.008* |
| 6 | Effect of kidney disease | 78.57 ± 8.01 | 78.57 ± 8.01 | - | - |
| 7 | Sexual function | 81.25 ± 8.83 | 81.25 ± 8.83 | - | - |
| 8 | Sleep | 64.64 ± 17.76 | 66.07 ± 16.26 | 1.549 | 0.172 |
| 9 | Social support | 97.61 ± 6.31 | 97.61 ± 6.31 | - | - |
| 10 | Patient satisfaction | 89.29 ± 13.36 | 92.86 ± 12.20 | 1 | 0.356 |
| *Significant. | |||||
Table 2. Comparison of pre-test and post-test kidney disease quality of life scores in experimental group (n=7).
| S no. | Quality of life scale | pre test | post test | ‘t’ value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General health | 46.43 ± 11.89 | 44.64 ± 12.20 | 1 | 0.356 |
| 2 | Physical activity | 57.94 ± 16.93 | 58.73 ± 15.66 | 1 | 0.356 |
| 3 | Social activity | 78.57 ± 17.25 | 78.57 ± 17.25 | - | - |
| 4 | Pain | 63.57 ± 14.57 | 60.36 ± 12.70 | 1.536 | 0.175 |
| 5 | Symptoms | 83.33 ± 7.60 | 82.14 ± 6.23 | 1 | 0.356 |
| 6 | Effect of kidney disease | 76.43 ± 8.52 | 75.00 ± 8.66 | 1 | 0.356 |
| 7 | Sexual function | 91.67 ± 7.22 | 91.67 ± 7.22 | - | - |
| 8 | Sleep | 71.43 ± 15.54 | 73.21 ± 13.21 | 0.956 | 0.376 |
| 9 | Social support | 95.22 ± 8.14 | 95.22 ± 8.14 | - | - |
| 10 | Patient satisfaction | 89.29 ± 13.36 | 85.71 ± 13.36 | 1 | 0.356 |
Table 3. Comparison of pre-test and post-test kidney disease quality of life scores in control group (n=7).
| S no. | DASS levels | Experimental group (n=7) | Control group (n=7) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | ||
| f (%) | f (%) | f (%) | f (%) | ||
| 1 | Depression | ||||
| a) Normal | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 1 (14.2) | 1 (14.2) | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.2) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) | |
| c) Moderate | 3 (42.9) | 2 (28.6) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) | |
| 2 | Anxiety | ||||
| a) Normal | 5 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) | 6 (85.7) | 6 (85.7) | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 0 | |
| c) Moderate | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.2) | |
| 3 | Stress | ||||
| a) Normal | 4 (57.1) | 5 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) | 4 (57.1) | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | |
| c) Moderate | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.2) | |
Table 4. Distribution of pre-test and post-test DASS levels in experimental and control group (n=14).
| S no. | DASS levels | Pre-test | Post-test | ‘Chi square | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f (%) | f (%) | ||||
| 1 | Depression | ||||
| a) Normal | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.343 | 0.842 | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.2) | 1(14.3) | |||
| c) Moderate | 3 ( 42.9) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| 2 | Anxiety | ||||
| a) Normal | 5 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) | 1.333 | 0.513 | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| c) Moderate | 1 (14.3) | 0 | |||
| 3 | Stress | ||||
| a) Normal | 4 (57.1) | 5 (71.4) | 2.444 | 0.295 | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| c) Moderate | 2 (28.6) | 0 | |||
Table 5. Comparison of pre-test and post-test DASS levels in experimental group (n=7).
| S no. | DASS levels | Pre-test | Post-test | Chi square | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f (%) | f (%) | ||||
| 1 | Depression | ||||
| a) Normal | 1 (14.2) | 1 (14.2) | 0 | 1 | |
| b) Mild | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) | |||
| c) Moderate | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) | |||
| 2 | Anxiety | ||||
| a) Normal | 6 (85.7) | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 1 | |
| b) Mild | 0 | 0 | |||
| c) Moderate | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | |||
| 3 | Stress | ||||
| a) Normal | 5 (71.4) | 4 (57.1) | 0.444 | 0.801 | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| c) Moderate | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | |||
Table 6. Comparison of pre-test and post-test DASS levels in control group (n=7).
| S no. | Kidney disease quality of life scale | Experimental group (n=7) | Control group (n=7) | ‘t’ value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General Health | 51.79 | 44.64 | 1.297 | 0.277 |
| 2 | Physical activity | 59.52 | 58.73 | 0.006 | 0.939 |
| 3 | Social activity | 82.14 | 78.57 | 0.07 | 0.796 |
| 4 | Pain | 62.14 | 60.36 | 0.03 | 0.866 |
| 5 | Symptoms | 86.31 | 82.14 | 0.86 | 0.372 |
| 6 | Effect of kidney disease | 78.57 | 75 | 0.641 | 0.439 |
| 7 | Sexual function | 81.25 | 91.67 | 2.143 | 0.239 |
| 8 | Sleep | 66.07 | 73.21 | 0.814 | 0.385 |
| 9 | Social support | 97.61 | 95.22 | 0.375 | 0.552 |
| 10 | Patient satisfaction | 92.86 | 85.71 | 1.091 | 0.317 |
Table 7. Comparison of post-test kidney disease quality of life score in experimental and control group (n=14).
| S no. | DASS levels | Exp. group (n=7) | Control group (n=7) | Chi square | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f (%) | f (%) | ||||
| 1 | Depression | ||||
| a) Normal | 4 (57.1) | 1 (14.2) | 3 | 0.223 | |
| b) Mild | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | |||
| c) Moderate | 2 (28.6) | 3 (42.9) | |||
| 2 | Anxiety | ||||
| a) Normal | 5 (71.4) | 6 (85.7) | 0.309 | 0.213 | |
| b) Mild | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| c) Moderate | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | |||
| 3 | Stress | ||||
| a) Normal | 5 (71.4) | 4 (57.1) | 1.111 | 0.574 | |
| b) Mild | 2 (28.6) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| c) Moderate | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | |||
Table 8. Comparison of post-test DASS levels in experimental and control group (n=14).
Discussion
Higher depression levels are reported in the patients with CKD [10-15]. Depression and anxiety decreases the quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality in CKD patients [16-18]. Further the CKD was associated with oxidative stress and inflammation of the systems and leads to cardiovascular diseases [11]. Hence, there is a need for the therapies that minimize stress and prevent the cardiovascular complications. Physical exercise is one among the non-pharmacological methods which is beneficial in reducing the stress and anxiety and prevents the depression [12]. Practicing physical exercise in routine day life style improves physical capacity, strength of muscles, cardiovascular function, and improves quality of life [13-16]. In the current study we have observed decrease in the depression, anxiety and stress levels and increased quality of life followed by the regular physical exercise. Our results are in accordance with earlier studies reported beneficial effects of physical exercise on improving both physical and psychological states and overall improvement in quality of life [17-20]. Milani et al. also reported the efficacy of exercise on major depression in heart failure patients, which are consistent with the results of this study [21,22]. However, certain studies demonstrated that exercise and physical activity have no effect on depression in hemodialysis patients [23]. Physical exercise program improves muscle power, flexibility of joints, decreases musculoskeletal pain, improves appetite and nutrition quality, self-care ability, getting well sleep and rest, and reducing fatigue for hemodialysis patients. All these beneficial effects allow the CKD patients on hemodialysis to be independent in their regular life so that they can perform their daily activities more effectively. Regular physical exercise prevents depression by increasing blood supply and neurogenesis in brain hippocampus, which acts like antidepressant agents [24]. Structured physical exercise programme during hemodialysis improves physical function and quality of life significantly and can be integrated into a hemodialysis routine with a high long-term adherence [25,26]. Release of beta-endorphin during the physical exercise plays an important role in construction of hippocampal neurons and reduces depression [27,28]. Physical exercise may also reduce depression by changing the growth and cortisol hormones [29]. Physical activity increases patient's physical and mental fitness and promotes their longstanding self-sufficiency and independence from helping others. In addition it reduces the financial costs of nursing care [30]. All these effects of physical exercise contribute in the increase of quality of life.
Conclusion
In this study regular exercise program has reduced depression, anxiety and stress and improved quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Hence, it is suggested to perform more qualitative and quantitative studies in this area to support adoption of physical exercise in the routine care of hemodialysis patients.
Conflicts of Interest
None.
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