Biomedical Research

DOI: 10.35841/biomedicalresearch.30-19-229

Abstract

The ethanolic leaf extract was collected from Borreria hispida using five different solvents by using shindai technique. The leaf extract contained total phenol and flavonoids with 33.21 ± 0.6 mg GAE and 18.27 ± 0.08 mg QE/g, respectively which is crucial for the potential anticancer activity. The anti-oxidant and anticancer activity was performed by DPPH assay and MTT assay, respectively. The ethanolic leaf extract showed significant amount of phytochemicals with highest (81.3 ± 0.1%) radical scavenging activity. The most potent anticancer activity of ethanolic leaf extract was observed with an IC50 value of 150 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity behaviour of ethanolic leaf extract against Hep cell line were demonstrated elaborately.

Keywords

Phenols, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, MTT assay, IC50.

Introduction

Plants establish significant wellspring of medications for counteractive action and spread of wide scope of pathogenic bearers and furthermore treating different infections of individuals. Current individuals progressively incline toward medications of characteristic inception generally from plant because of copious openness and less reactions. Though engineered medications and anti-microbial frequently cause wide spread danger and hurtful symptoms to the end client other than focused wellbeing condition pathogen bearer. Mixes segregated from plants are more secure and have a great deal of potential than the concoction drugs [1]. Customary home-grown medication is a rich hotspot for present day and atomic target explicit medication disclosure [2]. Plants have ended up being the most helpful in restoring sicknesses and give a significant wellspring of medication.

The medicinal importance of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a distinct physiological action on the body of human [3]. The major importance of these bioactive constitute in plants are Steroid, Terpenoids, Tannins, Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides [4]. Medicinal plants are the foundation of many important drugs of the modern world. Plants based drug is the major area of research. According to WHO calculations, 80% of the world’s population presently uses medicinal herbs drug for their primary health care [5-7]. Many plants are cheaper and more simply to get to the most people especially in the developing countries and these plants have lower incidence of side effects after use [8]. Synthetic drugs and antibiotics often cause wide spread toxicity and harmful side effects to the end user other than targeted health condition pathogen carrier. Compounds isolated from plants are safer and have a lot of potential than the chemical drugs [9-11]. Chemoprevention used to inhibit carcinogenesis to suppress the tumour. Current chemotherapeutic drugs are not useful in all cases and have severe side effects on human health. So there is increased demand in identification of new plant based drugs.

Borreria hispida L. has been extensively used in Siddha system of medicine for various conditions including decreasing the blood sugar levels. In traditional medicine, Spermacoce hispida is used to heal stomach ailments and also used as tonic and antidandruff. The flowers have been applied to boils, eruptions, swellings and also regarded as an emetic and as a remedy for coughs and malaria. The plant under study has been used since ages by folk because of its rich medicinal values. Spermacoce hispida Linn which is popularly known as “Nattaiccuri” in Tamil or “Shaggy button weed” in English belongs to family of Rubiaceae and the subfamily of Rubioideae, and the genus-Spermacoce. The whole plant is used for medicinal applications; it is widely available in the Western Ghats of Kerala and in Maruthamalai forest, which is an extension of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu [7]. Also, B. hispida (Linn) and K. Schum. (Syn.: S. hispida L) is being used as an alternative therapy for diabetes [12]. In India, decoction of the plant is used for headache [13] and the seeds as stimulant [14] and for the treatment of internal injuries of nerves and kidney [15].

Materials and Methods

Materials

Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, Aluminium chloride, Potassium acetate, Quercetin, Methanolic 1,1 diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), MEM were received from Himedia. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Cistron laboratories. Trypsin, methylthiazolyl diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from (Sisco research laboratory chemicals. Hep 2 (liver) cell lines were obtained from National centre for cell sciences Pune (NCCS). The medicinal plant Borreria hispida were collected from Thanjavur and Tirunelveli districts, Tamilnadu, India. The collected leaves were brought to the laboratory and maintained at Sathyabama University, Chennai, and Tamilnadu, India.

Preparation of the plant extracts

The plant extraction was prepared by the reported method [16]. The shade dried leaf (15 g each) of Borreria hispida were finely powdered with pestle and mortar and extracted with 150 ml aqueous ethanol, chloroform, acetone and petroleum ether separately for 1 minute using an Ultra Turax mixer (13,000 RPM) and soaked overnight at room temperature. The sample was then filtered through whatman No.1 filter paper in a Buchner funnel. The filtered solution was evaporated under vacuum in a rotary evaporator 40ºC to a constant weight and then dissolved in respective solvents. The concentrated extracts were stored with airtight container in refrigerator below 10°C.

Phytochemical screening for leaf extracts of Borreria hispida

The powdered samples were tested for the presence of various phytochemicals. Plant extracts were taken with five different solvents such as acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and water. The plant extract was subjected for qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence of bioactive compounds terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides and cardiac glycosides, steroids, quinines, coumarines, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, anthocyanin and betacyanin by the standard methods [17-19].

Estimation of total phenol content

The Folin - Ciocalteau reagent method was used for the estimation of total phenolic extracts quantities. Five concentrations of crude extracts of the plant was prepared and then 100 μL taken from each concentration and mixed with 0.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (1/10 dilution) and 1.5 mL of Na2CO3 2% (w/v). The blend was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 15 min. The absorbance of bluecolored solution of all samples was measured at 765 nm. The results were expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight of plant powders.

Estimation of total flavonoid content

Total flavonoids content in the ethanolic leaf extracts was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method [20]. 0.5 ml of leaf extracts of Borreria hispida at a concentration of 1 mg/ ml were taken and the volume was made up to 3 ml with methanol. Then 0.1 ml AlCl₃ (10%), 0.1ml of potassium acetate and 2.8 ml distilled water were added sequentially. The test solution was vigorously shaken. Absorbance was recorded at 415 nm after 30 minutes of incubation. A standard calibration plot was generated at 415 nm using known concentrations of quercetin. The concentrations of flavonoid in the test samples were calculated from the calibration plot and expressed as mg quercetin equivalent /g of sample.

Quantitative analysis of free radical scavenging activity of Borreria hispida

The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, (Sigma- Aldrich) as a free radical. Sample extracts of 100 μl was mixed with 2.7 ml of methanol and 200 μl of 0.1% methanolic DPPH. The suspension was incubated for 30 minutes in dark condition. Blank without the sample containing the same amount of methanol and DPPH solution was prepared and measured as control. Subsequently, at every 5 min interval, the absorption of the solution was measured using a UV double beam spectra scan (Chemito, India) at 517 nm. The antioxidant activity of the sample was compared with known synthetic standard of (0.16%) of Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT). The experiment was carried out in triplicate; free radical scavenging activity was calculated by the following formula

% DPPH radical-scavenging = (Absorbance of control - Absorbance of test Sample)/(Absorbance of control)] × 100

In-vitro anticancer activity

Cell line and culture: Hep 2 (liver) cell lines were obtained from National centre for cell sciences Pune (NCCS). The cells were maintained in Minimal Essential Media supplemented with 10% FBS (Foetal Bovine Serum), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) in a humidified atmosphere of 50 μg/ml CO₂ at 37°C.

Principle of assay: This is a colorimetric assay that measures the reduction of yellow 3-(4, 5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. The MTT enters the cells and passes into the mitochondria where it was reduced as an insoluble and coloured (dark purple) formazan product. The cells were then solubilized with an organic solvent (e.g. isopropanol) and then solubilized formazan reagent was measured spectrophotometrically.

In-vitro assay for cytotoxicity activity (MTT assay): The cytotoxicity of sample (Borreria hispida) on Hep G2 (liver) cell line was determined by the MTT assay [20]. Cells (1 × 105/well) were plated in 1 ml of medium/well in 24-well plates (Costar Corning, Rochester, NY). Then, cells were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of the samples in 0.1% DMSO for 24 h at 37°C. After removal of the sample solution and washing with phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), 200 μl/well (5 mg/ml) of 0.5% 3-(4, 5-dimethyl- 2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide cells (MTT) phosphate -buffered saline solution was added. After 4h incubation, 0.04 M HCl/isopropanol were added. Viable cells were determined by the absorbance at 570nm. Measurements were performed and the concentration required for a 50% inhibition of viability (IC50) was determined graphically. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured with a UVSpectrophotometer using wells without sample containing cells as blanks. The effect of the samples on the proliferation of Hep 2 (liver cell line) was expressed as the % cell viability, using the following formula:

% Cell viability = A570 of treated cells/A570 of control cells × 100%.

Anticancer activity against cancer cell lines: The cell lines of HeLa separately seeded in 96-well micro plates (1 × 106 cells/well) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h in 5% CO₂ incubator and allowed to grow 90% confluence. Then the medium was replaced and the cells were treated with and Borreria hispida at different concentration of such as 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL and incubated for 24 h. The cells were then washed with phosphate-buffer saline (PBS, pH-7.4) and 20 μL of (MTT) solution (5 mg/mL) was added to each well. The plates were then stand at 37ºC in the dark for additional 4 h. The Formosan crystals were dissolved in 100μL DMSO and the absorbance was read spectrometrically at 570 nm. The percentage of cell viability was expressed as above formula. The concentration that inhibited 50% of cell growth was referred as IC50 value, which was used as a parameter for cytotoxicity study. The morphological changes of untreated (control) and the cells treated at IC50 were observed under bright field microscope after 24 h and photographed.

Assessment of apoptosis

Propidium iodide (PI) nucleic acid stain: HeLa cell was separately plated at 5 × 10⁴ cells/well into a six well chamber plate. At >90% confluence, the cells were treated with Borreria hispida for 24 h. The cells were washed with PBS fixed in methanol: acetic acid (3:1, v/v) for 10 min and stained with 50 μg/mL propidium iodide (PI) for 20 min.

Determination of cell death by Acridine orange (AO)/ Ethidium bromide (EB) dual staining: The HeLa cell was separately seeded in 6-well plates and treated with IC50 concentration of Borreria hispida for 24 h For the nuclear analysis, the monolayer of cells was washed with PBS and stained with 5 μL of acridine orange (100 μg/mL) and 5 μL of ethidium bromide (100 μg/mL). The morphological changes in the stained cells, the apoptotic nuclei (intensely stained, fragmented nuclei and condensed chromatin) were observed by fluorescent microscopy.

Animals and treatment

Male Wister rats of 16-19 weeks age, weighing 150-175 g were procured from the Central Animal House, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University. The animals were kept in cages, 2 per cage, with 12:12 hr light and dark cycle at 250 ± 20°C. The animals were maintained on their respective diets and water ad libitum. Animal Ethical Committee’s clearance was obtained for the study. Animals were divided into following 6 Groups of 6 animals each.

Animal diet: The compositions of the two diets were as follows: Control diet: Wheat flour 22.5%, roasted bengal gram powder 60%, skimmed milk powder 5%, casein 4%, refined oil 4%, salt mixture with starch 4% and vitamin & choline mixture 0.5% [12].

High fat diet: Wheat flour 20.5%, roasted Bengal gram 52.6%, skimmed milk powder 5%, casein 4%, refined oil 4%, coconut oil 9%, salt mixture with starch 4% and vitamin & choline mixture 0.5%, cholesterol 0.4%.

Rats of Groups III, IV and V were orally fed with the various extracts of Borreria hispida (pet. ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol) and rats of Group VI were fed with standard drug atorvastatin. Both the Borreria hispida extracts and atorvastatin were suspended in 2% tween 80 separately and fed to the respective rats by oral intubation.

At the end of 9 weeks all the animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after overnight fasting. Liver, heart and aorta were cleared of adhering fat, weighed accurately and used for the preparation of homogenate. Animals were given enough care as per the Animal Ethical Committee’s recommendations. Portions of the tissues from liver, heart and aorta were blotted, weighed and homogenized with ethanol (3 volumes). The lipid extract obtained by the method of Folch et al. [13]. It was used for the estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 14 (TBARS).

Another portion of the tissues was homogenized with phosphate buffer saline and used for the estimation of reduced Glutathione [15] (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase [16] (GPx), Glutathione reductase [17] (GR), Catalase [18] (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase [19] (SOD).

Determination of proteins (T.P): This method is a combination of both Folin-ciocalteau and Biuret reaction which involves two step reactions. In the first Step Protein binds with copper in alkaline medium and reduces it to Cu++. In the second step Cu++formed catalyses the oxidation reaction of aromatic amino acid by reducing Phosphomolybdotungstate to heteropolymolybdanum, which leads to the formation of blue colour which is measured at 640 nm.

Determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD): Superoxide dismutase scavenges the superoxide radical (O₂) and thus provides a first line defense against free radical damage. Superoxide dismutase is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant which catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide free radical. This method is based on the inhibition of the

Superoxide anion (O₂^-) interacts with peroxide to form hydroxyl radical (OH•) which causes damage in the absence of superoxide dismutase activity (R•)

Results and Discussion

FTIR studies

FTIR spectra of different solvent extraction of Borreria hispida leaf are shown in Figures 1a-1d). Figure 1 (black color) shows the ethanol extraction of Borreria hispida highest peak intensity than other solvent extraction. The extracted Borreria hispida functional Groups and frequency region are given in the Table 1.

Figure 1. FTIR spectra of (a) ethanol (black), (b) chloroform (red), (c) acetone (green) and (d) petroleum ether (blue).

Table 1. The FTIR spectra of ethanol extraction of Borreria hispida.

Table 2. The statistical comparison of in body weight and final body weight.

SEM analysis

The SEM micrographs of the Borreria hispida (control) and ethanol extracted leaf Borreria hispida of are presented in Figures 2a–2d. The larger particles are formed by agglomeration, as predicted by morphological structure [20].

Figure 2. SEM images of (a) Borreria hispida (control) and (b) Borreria hispida ethanol extract.

Cytotoxicity behaviour against Vero and HepG2 cell lines using Borreria hispida

Borreria hispida’s are to be useful as anticancer drugs because of their stability, cytocompatibility, and flexible binding with biomolecules [21]. In recent times, the advancement of drugdelivery systems has been broadly attempted to produce the anticipated healing effect in patients with low opposing reactions [22]. In this work, the antiproliferative actions of Borreria hispida was examined in two different cancer cell lines (i.e., Vero, Hep G2 cells) and evaluated by MTT assay.

Observations of the effect of extracted Borreria hispida at different concentrations (i.e., 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/ml complexes) on cell viability of Vero, Hep G2 cells were made at 24 h. The observed results explicated the cells’ viability at 85-90% for the concentrations Borreria hispida up to 5 μg/ml, as shown in Figures 3a-3f). As shown in Figure 3, efficiently induced apoptosis in Vero, Hep G2 cells in a dosage dependent manner. The Borreria hispida ethanol extracted leaf tested Vero cells displayed a good biocompatibility compared to the complex of other solvents, as shown in Figure 3. The effective decrements in cell viability were noted in treated concentrations when compared to control cells. An earlier report revealed that the Vero cell lines at higher metal complex concentrations exposed substantial cell death [23,24].

Figure 3. MTT assay on Hep G2 Cell line (Ethanolic leaf extract) a) Control cells (Untreated) b) Ethanolic leaf ( Borreria hispida) extract 50 μg/ml, c) Ethanolic leaf (B. hispida) extract 100 μg/ ml, d): Ethanolic leaf (B. hispida) extract 150 μg/ml e) Ethanolic leaf (B. hispida) extract 200 μg/ml and f) Cyclophosphamide (Positive control) 80 μg/ml.

The Vero cells treated for 24 h with the respective IC50 concentration of Borreria hispida became rounded and began to shrink and lose their interaction with nearby cells. The morphological images shown in Figure 3g confirmed the toxic effect of Borreria hispida (25 g/ml) samples against Vero cells compared with control cells.

Morphological features of HepG2 cells stained with propidium iodide under fluorescence microscope

The cytotoxic effect induced by ethanol extracted Borreria hispida involves apoptotic changes and nuclear condensation as demonstrated by the PI staining method. In control, HepG2 cells showed a very negligible number of PI positive cells. In the case of cells treated at IC50 of ethanol extracted Borreria hispida at 24 h showed a progressive increase in the number of propidium iodide positive cells (Figure 4). Similarly, Curcumin or catechin treated HCT15, HCT116 and HepG2 cell lines exhibited increased chromatin fluorescence, condensed nuclear morphology and presence of apoptotic bodies in the cancer cells [25]. In was suggested that nanoparticles can induce cell death in MCF7 cells through the reactive oxygen species mediated apoptotic process. The increased ROS levels and subsequent loss of mitochondria membrane potential might be the reason for increased apoptotic morphological changes in nanoparticles treated cells [26].

Figure 4. Morphological variation of PI–stained (a) Control (b) treated with Borreria hispida.

Morphological features of HepG2 cells double stained with AO/EB under fluorescence microscopy

Induction of apoptosis was analysed by detection of nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation with blebbing leading to the formation and release of apoptotic bodies. The detection and quantification of apoptosis and necrosis were also evaluated and compared by AO/EB double staining for fluorescence microscopy [27,28]. This method combines the differential uptake of fluorescent DNA binding dyes of AO and EB and the allowing one to distinguish among viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. The AO is taken up by both viable and nonviable cells and emits either green fluorescence as a result of intercalation into double-stranded nucleic acids (mainly DNA), or red fluorescence as a result of binding to single-stranded nucleic acids (mainly RNA). The EB is taken up only by nonviable cells, and emits red fluorescence by intercalation into DNA. Thus, a viable cell possesses a uniform bright green nucleus and orange cytoplasm. An early apoptotic cell, whose membrane is still intact but has started to cleave its DNA, still has a green nucleus, but the chromatin of the cell becomes visible resulting from condensation in the form of bright green patches. A late apoptotic cell shows bright orange areas of condensed chromatin in the nucleus (EB predominates over AO), and a necrotic cell shows a uniform bright orange nucleus. In present study, HepG2 cells treated with IC50 concentration of AuNPs, after 24 h, stained with AO/EB fluorescence staining showed morphological apoptotic changes when compared to untreated control cells (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Morphological variation of AO/EB–stained (a) Control (b) treated with Borreria hispida.

The control cells had shown uniform bright green nuclei and cytoplasm. Whereas the cells treated with AuNPs exhibited characteristic change of apoptosis i.e., cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies. They were observed as orange colored bodies. The necrotic cells were observed as red color fluorescence due to their loss of membrane integrity when viewed under fluorescence microscope [29,30] (Figures 6-8).

Figure 6. The in body weight and final body weight.

Figure 7. The volume of tumor.

Figure 8. The SOD and CAT in tissue rats compared with other extracts.

In-vivo studies with statistical comparison

Each Group (n=6), each value represents Mean ± SEM. One way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett comparison was performed. Control Group was compared with standard Group-II.

Statistical Analysis

Each Group (n=6), each value represents Mean ± SEM. One way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett comparison was performed. Control Group was compared with Std. Group-II. (***P<0.001-**P<0.01, *P<0.05) treated Groups III, IV and V was compared with Group I.

The concentration of tissues TBARS levels in HFD rats are shown in Table 3. Elevated levels of TBARS in liver, heart and aorta in Group II rats are a clear manifestation of excessive formation of free radical and activation of lipid peroxidation. The significantly lowered the concentration of TBARS, in rats administered with methanolic extract of Borreria hispida along with HFD when compared with other two extracts.

Table 3. The statistical comparison of tumors.

Effect of various extracts of Borreria hispida on tissues Glutathione (GSH) content in rats fed HFD results. GSH also functions as free radical scavenger in the repair of radical caused biological damage [20]. The activities of glutathione concentration in tissues were significantly decreased in high fat diet rats (Group II) as compared to the control rats (Group I). Administration of methanolic extract of Borreria hispida along with HFD rats increased the levels of glutathione when compared with other two extracts.

Figure 8 shows that the effect of various extracts of Borreria hispida on tissues SOD and CAT enzyme levels in HFD rats. The activities of SOD and CAT in the tissue like liver, heart and aorta were significantly (P<0.001) lowered in rats fed with high fat diet (Group II) than control Group animals. High fat diet can cause the formation of toxic intermediates that can inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the accumulation of O₂^- and H₂O₂ which in turn forms hydroxyl radicals. After administration of methanolic extract of Borreria hispida along with HFD significantly increases the activities of SOD and CAT in tissues of rats when compared with other extracts.

SOD was estimated as per the procedure described by Kakkar et al. [29]. Liver homogenate (0.5 ml) was diluted with 0.5 ml of distilled water. To this, 0.25 ml ethanol and 0.15 ml of chloroform, all reagents chilled, were added. The mixture was shaken for 1 minute and centrifuged at 2000 rpm. The enzyme in the supernatant was determined. To 0.5 ml of the supernatant, 1.5 ml of buffer was added. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 0.4 ml epinephrine and change in optical density per minute was measured at 480 nm in a double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UV 1700, Szhimadzhu). SOD activity was expressed as U/mg. Change in optical density per minute at 50% inhibition to adrenochrome transition by the enzyme is taken as one enzyme unit (Figure 9).

Figure 9. The SGOT, SGPT and ALP in tissue rats compared with other extracts.

Effect of various extracts of Borreria hispida on tissues glutathione perHoxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in HFD rats are shown in Figure 10. The effect of glutathione peroxidase and reductase was also significantly decreased in tissues of rats fed with HFD as compared to the control rats. High fat diet decreased the ratio of oxidized glutathione/ reduced glutathione in tissue [23]. Administration of methanolic extract Borreria hispida along with the HFD increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in all the tissues as compared with HFD. A standard drug atorvastatin administered rats also showed elevated level of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.

Figure 10. The GPx, GSH and Total protein in tissue rats compared with other extracts.

Lowry method was adopted for the estimation of total protein [30]. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. To 0.1 ml of the liver homogenate, 0.9 ml of water, 4.5 ml of alkaline copper sulphate reagent were added and allowed to stand in the room temperature for 10 min. To this 0.5 ml of Folin’s reagent was added. After 20 min, the blue colour developed was measured at 640 nm. The level of protein present was expressed as mg/g tissue or mg/dl.

Histopathology

Histopathology of different Group shown in Figures 11a-11d: Section studied from the liver shows preserved lobular architecture. Few foci show lympoplasmacytic infiltration with proliferation of thin walled vessels. Hepatocyte shows normal morphology. Portal tract shows normal. Contral vein shows mild dilatation. Sinusoids show dilatation Group-I (ONLY DAL).

Figure 11. The (a) Only DAL, (b) DAL+5FU (c) DAL+EXT L.D. and (d) DAL+EXT H.D. in tissue rats compared with other extracts.

Group-II (DAL+5FU): Section studied from the liver shows maintained lobular architecture. Hepatocyte shows normal morphology. Portal tract shows normal. Contral vein and sinusoids shows mild dilatation. There is no evidence of inflammation/necrosis.

Group-V (DAL+EXT L.D.): Section studied from the liver shows preserved lobular architecture. Hepatocyte shows normal morphology. Portal tract shows lymphocytic infiltration. Contral vein shows normal. Sinusoids show mild dilatation.

Group-VI (DAL+EXT H.D.): Section studied from the liver shows sheets of atypical cells replacing the normal liver parenchyma. Individual cells are round to oval with moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to oval vesicular nuclei with some showing nucleoli.1-2 mitosis/HPF noted. Other areas show normal hepatocytes and Portal vein and sinusoids.

Conclusion

From the above findings it can be concluded that the ethanolic leaf extract of Borreria hispida possesses promising effect on anti-oxidant and anticancer activities. The presence of phenol and flavanoids in the ethanolic leaf extract of the plant under study may be responsible for their activities. It indicates that the plant material become an important source of natural drug compounds.

Author Contributions

MC initiated the study, performed the extensive experiments related to the growth of the samples and manuscript preparation with guidance by corresponding author Dr. CC and CC given his valuable suggestions include, planning, design experimental work, data analysis, discussion and manuscript preparation. Both authors’ contributions are equal and both were read and approved the final manuscript.

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